Missouri Beneficiary Deeds

A beneficiary deed (often called a "transfer on death" or "TOD" deed in other states) is like a regular deed you might use to transfer your Missouri real estate, but with a crucial difference: It doesn't take effect until your death. At your death, the real estate goes automatically to the person you named to inherit it (your "beneficiary"), without the need for probate court proceedings. (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 461.025.)

You must sign the deed and get your signature notarized, and then record (file) the deed with the county recorder of deeds before your death. Otherwise, it won't be valid.

You can make a Missouri beneficiary deed with WillMaker.

How the Beneficiary Deed Works

The beneficiary's rights. The person you name in the deed to inherit the property doesn't have any legal right to it until your death—or, if you own the property as "joint tenants" or "tenants by the entirety" with someone else, until the last surviving owner dies. (More on this below.) The beneficiary doesn't sign the deed, but it's a good idea to let the beneficiary know you've recorded it. Otherwise, he or she might not know about it, even after your death.

Earlier wills or beneficiary deeds. If you have made a will or previous beneficiary deed that leaves the property to someone, your new beneficiary deed will override it.

Your rights. You keep complete ownership of, and control over, the real estate while you're alive. You pay the taxes on it, and it's not protected from your creditors. You can sell it, give it away, or mortgage it. Because you're not making a gift of the property, there's no federal gift tax.

Medicaid. Creating a beneficiary deed won't affect whether or not you are eligible for Medicaid. Because you own the property and are not actually giving it away during your lifetime, a beneficiary deed won't help you "spend down" your assets to help you qualify for Medicaid. Beware, though, that if you do end up receiving Medicaid benefits—for example, to pay for nursing home care—your home might be liable for reimbursement of Medicaid expenditures. If you have questions, consult a local attorney.

Other creditors. Even though your beneficiary deed transfers your property outside of probate, if your probate estate isn't enough to satisfy certain creditor claims and statutory allowances (certain amounts your surviving spouse and minor children are entitled to at your death, set out by law), your creditors, spouse, and children may have rights to the property.

Revoking the deed. If you later change your mind about who you want to inherit the property, you are not locked in. You have two options: (1) sign and record a revocation or (2) record another beneficiary deed, leaving the property to someone else. You cannot use your will to revoke or override a beneficiary deed.

How ownership is transferred. To get title to the property after your death, the beneficiary must take a few administrative steps (such as recording an affidavit and certified copy of the death certificate in the recorder's office). Your beneficiary can check with the county recorder of deeds for details. Note that in Missouri, the recorder of deeds might direct your beneficiary to seek a lawyer's help, but if your beneficiary does need a lawyer to continue, this assistance should be simple and limited in scope. No probate is necessary.

Use Nolo's Quicken WillMaker to make a beneficiary deed or transfer on death deed in any state that allows it. You can also use WillMaker to create other estate planning documents, such as a will, health care directive, power of attorney, and more.

Special Rules for Co-Owned Property

If you own the property with someone else, how to proceed depends on how you and the other co-owners hold title to the property. If you don't know how you hold title, start by looking at the deed that transferred the property to you. It might say, for example, "to Ellen Bauman and Edward M. Bauman, as joint tenants," or "to Jonathan G. Costa and Sandra L. White, as tenants in common."

There are three common ways to co-own property in Missouri:

Joint tenancy (also called "joint tenancy with right of survivorship"). If you co-own real estate as joint tenants with right of survivorship, when one co-owner dies, that co-owner's share of the property will automatically go to the surviving co-owner(s). You can make a beneficiary deed together with the other joint tenant(s) or you can make one on your own, but it's important to understand the difference.

When you make a beneficiary deed together with the other joint tenant(s), you are naming someone to receive the property after all of the joint tenants have died.

Example: Claire and Kendra co-own their home as joint tenants. They make a beneficiary deed together and name Oscar as the beneficiary. When Claire dies, Claire's half of the home goes to Kendra, who becomes the sole owner of the entire home. When Kendra dies, the home goes to Oscar under the beneficiary deed.

If you make a beneficiary deed on your own, without the other joint tenants, the deed will be effective only if you are the last surviving owner of the property. If you die first, the surviving co-owner(s) will own the property, and the beneficiary deed won't have any effect.

Tenancy in common. If your deed doesn't state how you own the property, you and your co-owners are presumed to own it as tenants in common, unless you've agreed otherwise in writing. If you own your property as a tenant in common, you must create a beneficiary deed on your own (without the other tenants in common). That beneficiary deed will transfer only your share of the property to the beneficiary when you die.

Example: Raymond and Jack, who are brothers, own a house together as tenants in common. Raymond signs a beneficiary deed that leaves his half-interest to his daughter. At Raymond's death, his daughter will become a tenant in common with Jack.

Tenancy by the entirety. If you are married and own real estate with your spouse, you probably own it as tenants by the entirety. (Any real estate you and your spouse have acquired is presumed to be held in tenancy by the entirety unless you agreed otherwise in writing.) For purposes of the beneficiary deed, tenancy by the entirety works like a joint tenancy (see above). When the first spouse dies, the surviving spouse will automatically own the whole property. If you make a beneficiary deed together, it will take effect only when the second spouse has died. If you make one alone, it will take effect at your death only if your spouse dies before you do.

If you're not sure how you co-own the property or whether or not your spouse has any rights to it, consult a lawyer. While the guidance here fits most situations, if you have a complicated situation or more complex aims, you should turn to a lawyer for a more tailored solution.

Revoking a jointly made deed. If you sign a beneficiary deed with a co-owner, the effect of revocation depends on how you co-own the property and who does the revoking.

If you co-own the property as joint tenants and/or with "right of survivorship," your co-owner will automatically own the entire property upon your death (and vice versa). So:

• Revoking the deed by yourself has no effect unless you are the last surviving co-owner.
• While you are both alive, you and your co-owner can revoke the deed together at any time.

If you co-own the property as tenants in common, you cannot make a beneficiary deed with your co-owner in the first place using WillMaker (see above).

Note on trust property. If you hold real estate in a trust, you probably won't need to use a beneficiary deed, because trust property doesn't need to go through probate anyway. If for some reason you want to use a beneficiary deed instead, you'll probably need to transfer the property out of the trust first. Talk to a lawyer about your estate plan.

Naming Beneficiaries

You can name anyone you please to inherit your real estate—a person, more than one person, or an organization such as a favorite charity. But if you want to name more than one person, or a minor, there are some issues you should consider.

More than one beneficiary. Before you name multiple beneficiaries on your beneficiary deed, make sure you consider 1) how the co-beneficiaries will hold title to the property after you die, 2) what will happen if one of the co-beneficiaries dies before you do, and 3) how the beneficiaries will feel about co-owning the property.

As to the first issue, when you make WillMaker's beneficiary deed for Missouri, your property will transfer to your beneficiaries in equal shares with no right of survivorship. This is the default under Missouri law. In other words, your beneficiaries will own your property as tenants in common and each beneficiary will be free to leave his or her share to someone else or to sell that share of the property.

Example: You name Tim, Stephanie, and Rebekah as your beneficiaries. After you die, they will own the property as tenants in common. Tim leaves his one-third share of the property to his son Cameron in his will. Stephanie sells her one-third share of the property to Anya. After Tim dies, Cameron, Anya, and Rebekah own the property.

As to the second issue, if one or more of the beneficiaries dies before you do, their share or shares of the property will be transferred to the surviving beneficiaries.

Example: You name Tim, Stephanie, and Rebekah as your beneficiaries. Tim dies before you do. Stephanie and Rebekah would each inherit half the property. They would own it as tenants in common, and are each free to sell or leave their half of the property to someone else.

Finally, think carefully about how your beneficiaries will feel about owning the property together. Co-ownership is cumbersome and often causes tension. For example, one co-owner could force a sale of the property even if the other co-owners didn't want to sell.

Children under 18. Think twice about naming a child under age 18 as a beneficiary. A child can take title to the property, but an adult will need to manage it.

When making a beneficiary deed with WillMaker, you can name an adult "custodian" under the Missouri Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA) to manage the property. Under Missouri's UTMA, the beneficiary becomes the outright owner of the property at age 21.

You may have other options for naming an adult property manager, including:

• using your will to name a property guardian who will take care of any property you leave to your own young children, including property transferred by this deed, and
• setting up a trust for a child and naming the trust as the beneficiary.

For more information, see Naming a Minor Beneficiary for a Transfer on Death Deed. For help setting up a property management method, consult a qualified estate planning lawyer.

Alternate beneficiaries. If you wish, you can name an alternate (contingent) beneficiary. This beneficiary will inherit the property if your first-choice beneficiary (or all of them, if you named more than one) die before you do.

Sample Legal Descriptions

Several kinds of legal descriptions are used in Missouri. Just copy what's on the previous deed that transferred the property to you. Here are some examples:

• "Lot 13, Santa Ana Addition, a Subdivision in Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri, according to the recorded plat thereof."
• "The South 165 feet of the East 185 feet of the West half of the Southwest Quarter of Section 43, Township 51, Range 25, in Independence, Jackson County, Missouri, except that part in roads."

If the legal description is too long to safely type out (they can even run several pages long), simply photocopy or scan and print it, and attach it to the beneficiary deed as "Exhibit A."

lf You Need Legal Advice

Accurate, plain-English legal information can help many people create useful legal documents. But general information is never a substitute for personalized advice from a knowledgeable lawyer. If you want professional advice about the best way to craft or use legal documents in your particular circumstances, consult an attorney licensed to practice in Missouri.