Burial and Cremation

One of the most important questions we will ask you is whether you want your body to be buried or cremated.

If your body will be buried, you can state your preferences for a burial site. If you choose cremation, you will be asked whether you want your ashes to be scattered, buried or interred or kept with a loved one.

Body Burial

While cremation is becoming increasingly common, most people still choose to be buried. Depending on your wishes, your body may be buried immediately after death or several days later, after a funeral or other memorial service.

The Burial Process

A body may be buried in the ground, generally in a cemetery plot, or aboveground in the chamber of a mausoleum or family crypt. Typically, burial includes placing the body in a casket. However, if you want your body to be buried immediately, a casket may not be necessary. (Although required by many individual cemeteries, a casket is not a legal requirement for burials in the United States.)

Burial Costs

Burial can be expensive. The national average cost for a traditional funeral, with burial and headstone or monument, is more than $10,000. Depending upon the products and services purchased, the pricing of individual service providers and the array of ceremonies included, burial can cost several times as much as cremation.

Here are some typical costs.

Leaving Instructions

If you have decided where you wish to be buried, a record that information. If you have already purchased a burial site and any other related products or services, describe your arrangements—and attach any related documents (for example, your contract with the cemetery) to your final arrangements document when you print it out.

If you haven't bought a burial site, but you know where you'd like to be buried, you can state your preference. There is no guarantee that it will be available when you die, but your survivors will know what you had in mind.

Cremation

Almost half of the population chooses cremation rather than burial. For some, the relatively low cost makes this choice an easy one. But there are many other reasons why someone might prefer to be cremated—for example, you may want to have your ashes scattered or kept by a loved one at home.

The Traditional Cremation Process

Cremation is the burning of a body at extreme heat, resulting in a fine residue of ash and bone. The cremated remains (sometimes called "cremains," though we'll call them "ashes" here) may be buried, scattered or kept in an urn. A temporary casket is required to contain the body during cremation. Cremation caskets are generally made of unfinished wood, cardboard, pressboard or canvas. The cremation facility supplies the temporary casket.

Complete cremation arrangements usually include local transportation of the body to the cremation facility, visitation with the body prior to cremation, a temporary container for remains, cremation, a memorial service, preparation of an obituary, ordering the death certificate and the scattering or other disposition of the ashes.

Cremation Costs

As with burial, cost may play a part in your decision. Here are some cost estimates.

What to Do With Cremated Remains

If you choose to have your body cremated, we will ask what you'd like your survivors to do with your ashes. You can state that you'd like your ashes to be:

• scattered over land or water
• buried
• stored aboveground, or
• kept with family or friends.

After you make your initial selection, we'll ask you to provide more details about your wishes. If you want to divide your ashes among two or more of these options, select the one that feels most important to you. When you provide details, you can state exactly what you'd like your survivors to do, including how you want your ashes to be divided.

Scattering or Burying Ashes

If you choose to have your ashes scattered or buried, you should be aware of state or local laws that may affect your wishes.

Check state rules about scattering ashes. Some people wish to have their ashes scattered over some area that has special significance for them—such as a garden, a lookout point, or the ocean.

Laws and restrictions on the scattering of ashes vary from state to state.

To find out your state's laws, check with a local cremation facility or your state's health department.

Check state and local laws about burying ashes. Ashes can be buried in the ground. Local zoning ordinances may restrict where the burial may take place—such as that they must be buried a specified distance from a residence.

Nontraditional Options

If you don't want your body to be buried or cremated in the traditional ways, you have an increasing number of nontraditional options.

Green Options for Traditional Burial or Cremation

Traditional burial and cremation can be hard on the environment. Embalming chemicals, metal caskets, concrete burial vaults, and cremation emissions take a surprising toll. But you can make earth-friendly arrangements that reduce your environmental impact. Some choices are remarkably simple—and most are significantly less expensive:

• No embalming. Embalming fluid contains toxic chemicals— including up to three gallons of formaldehyde. Embalming is rarely required by law or to carry out final wishes.
• Eco-coffin or biodegradable urn. You can use a simple wood casket, cardboard box, or fabric shroud for burial. There are many options for biodegradable coffins and urns (for ashes that will be buried), including homemade ones.
• Home funeral. While it's more work, your loved ones might find a home funeral to be more satisfying. Most states permit home funerals, but a handful require the involvement of a funeral director.
• No in-ground vault. Vaults are concrete containers that are placed in the ground to surround a casket. They aren't required by law, but many cemeteries demand them to make landscape maintenance easier. Look for a cemetery that doesn't require a vault or find out whether you can legally refuse one.
• Green cemeteries. The Green Burial Council maintains a certi-fication process for cemeteries that want to go green. Learn more and locate green facilities at www.greenburialcouncil.org.
• Conservation burial. There are burial areas on protected land managed by organizations that provide sustainable burial services, conservation of the land for future generations, and use of the land by the living. Learn more on the website of the Conservation Burial Alliance (www.conservationburialalliance.org).

It's unlikely that traditional funeral homes will know much about these methods. So if any of these nontraditional options appeals to you, consider doing some research and providing your loved ones with concrete information on where and how to get the services you want.

Innovative Options

Your body doesn't have to be buried or cremated in the traditional ways. New methods of body disposition continue to appear. Here are some interesting options:

• Aquamation. This new kind of cremation uses a solution of water and potassium (or sodium) hydroxide to reduce a body to liquid and bone. This process is called "alkaline hydrolysis," and is also known as "flameless cremation."
• Natural organic reduction (also called human composting). In a carefully controlled process, bodies decompose naturally. The body is put into a vessel with an ideal amount of microbes, bacteria, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. After 6 to 10 weeks, the result is about one cubic yard of soil that can be returned to the family or donated.
• Reef memorials. Cremated remains are mixed with concrete to create "reefs" specifically designed to support and enhance sea life. The reef is placed on the sea floor in a documented location. Individual memorial reefs can include more than one family member (including pets), and families can take part in the creation and placement of the reef.
• Tree pod burial. Cremated or uncremated remains are placed into a biodegradable pod, which is buried underneath a tree sapling. The pod and the remains nourish the soil, supporting growth of the tree. Families can choose the type and location of the tree, which might be planted in a green cemetery, on private land, or in a memorial forest, depending on local laws.
• Mushroom burial suit. The body is placed in a suit that contains the spores of mushrooms that facilitate decomposition and neutralize toxins. The body can then be buried in a green cemetery, on private land, or in a memorial forest, depending on local laws.

Legally, the use of these new methods is limited. Some are legal only in some states, while others are legal only in specific geographic locations. If any of these interest you, you'll need to do some additional research so that you can leave clear instructions for your loved ones.